但是 PGSQL 本身並沒有提供這種功能，只有一兩個稍嫌老舊的外掛雛型（應該還是能用）。。。有一個 Postgres 的延伸專案 Greenplum 由於是資料倉儲軟體，因此內建有 diskquota 外掛，不過 PGSQL 社群看起來不是很感興趣～
因此這邊透過 OS 內建功能達成：利用 Linux 底下 XFS 檔案系統才有的 Project Quota 功能，演練帳號空間控制～
PGSQL 有兩類型的 tablespace：
- 普通用來放資料的，由 default_tablespace 指定
- 暫存表跟查詢過程 temp file，由 temp_tablespace 指定
一般使用上，沒有需要特別指定 tablespace，資料跟暫存表都會放到 $PGDATA/base/ 跟 $PGDATA/base/pgsql_tmp/ 底下。
原則上這邊要限制的是 default_tablespace，至於 temp_tablespace 會涉及查詢成敗，因此要不是額外用較高速的共通磁碟空間，搭配 temp_file_limit 控制。
於是，這篇筆記目標就是使用 xfs_quota 的 Project Quota 功能控制個別 DB 帳號的個人使用空間（defaut_tablespace）。
1) 前置作業：準備測試環境
由於測試需要完整的作業系統，因此在久違的 Google 雲端開一個測試環境：
這邊選一個新鮮一點的 CentOS 8 Stream～其實不過是 RHEL 先行版而已，就當成 Ubuntu 非 LTS 發行版就好，其實是完全可用的東西～而硬碟則多分配一個獨立的給資料庫使用，以下的 XFS Project Quota 會在這個掛載點上管控：注意這邊不要偷懶只有使用根目錄掛載點，因為根目錄掛載點（root partition）就算是用 XFS 檔案系統，要啟用 xfs_quota 也額外要設定開機選項（boot parameter），不會偷懶到那去～（參考資料：issues on setting Quota on root filesystem - CentOS Forum）
OS 版本確認
[raven@quota-test ~]$ cat /etc/*release
CentOS Stream release 8
NAME="CentOS Stream"
VERSION="8"
ID="centos"
ID_LIKE="rhel fedora"
VERSION_ID="8"
PLATFORM_ID="platform:el8"
PRETTY_NAME="CentOS Stream 8"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:centos:centos:8"
HOME_URL="https://centos.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugzilla.redhat.com/"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="CentOS Stream"
CentOS Stream release 8
CentOS Stream release 8
[raven@quota-test ~]$
檢查 XFS Quota 套件是否有在
[raven@quota-test ~]$ yum provides xfs_quota CentOS Stream 8 - AppStream 14 MB/s | 9.6 MB 00:00 CentOS Stream 8 - BaseOS 7.7 MB/s | 5.7 MB 00:00 CentOS Stream 8 - Extras 28 kB/s | 13 kB 00:00 Google Compute Engine 15 kB/s | 9.3 kB 00:00 Google Cloud SDK 20 MB/s | 32 MB 00:01 xfsprogs-5.0.0-8.el8.i686 : Utilities for managing the XFS filesystem Repo : baseos Matched from: Filename : /usr/sbin/xfs_quota xfsprogs-5.0.0-8.el8.x86_64 : Utilities for managing the XFS filesystem Repo : @System Matched from: Filename : /usr/sbin/xfs_quota xfsprogs-5.0.0-8.el8.x86_64 : Utilities for managing the XFS filesystem Repo : baseos Matched from: Filename : /usr/sbin/xfs_quota [raven@quota-test ~]$
由於 Google 雲端額外掛載的空間不會格式化，因此接著處理格式化跟掛載
格式化的部份，依序要設置磁碟分割表（用 cfdisk 或 cgdisk）以及格式化磁碟（用 mkfs.xfs）
[raven@quota-test ~]$ lsblk -f NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT sda ├─sda1 vfat 0301-71A4 /boot/efi └─sda2 xfs root 4f04340d-00c4-4006-8c5d-39a3b9cdc445 / sdb [raven@quota-test ~]$ [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo cfdisk /dev/sdb Syncing disks. [raven@quota-test ~]$
查看一下，然後格式化
[raven@quota-test ~]$ lsblk -f NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT sda ├─sda1 vfat 0301-71A4 /boot/efi └─sda2 xfs root 4f04340d-00c4-4006-8c5d-39a3b9cdc445 / sdb └─sdb1 [raven@quota-test ~]$ [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo blkid /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb1: PARTUUID="83b920dd-01" [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo blkid /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: PTUUID="83b920dd" PTTYPE="dos" [raven@quota-test ~]$
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=1310656 blks
= sectsz=4096 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=5242624, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=4096 sunit=1 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
Discarding blocks...Done.
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo blkid /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1: UUID="e157f26e-bc4b-404f-893c-f35835a77376" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="83b920dd-01"
[raven@quota-test ~]$
[raven@quota-test ~]$ lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 vfat 0301-71A4 /boot/efi
└─sda2 xfs root 4f04340d-00c4-4006-8c5d-39a3b9cdc445 /
sdb
└─sdb1 xfs e157f26e-bc4b-404f-893c-f35835a77376
[raven@quota-test ~]$
1) 掛載並啟用 XFS Quota 功能
首先要先在 /etc/fstab 編輯，設定掛載目錄的同時加上 XFS quota 功能。以下為參考內容，主要是增加紅字部份，並確保掛載格式 xfs
# # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Tue May 11 20:59:31 2021 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'. # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info. # # After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd # units generated from this file. # UUID=4f04340d-00c4-4006-8c5d-39a3b9cdc445 / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=0301-71A4 /boot/efi vfat defaults,uid=0,gid=0,umask=077,shortname=winnt 0 2 UUID="e157f26e-bc4b-404f-893c-f35835a77376" /pgdata xfs defaults,usrquota,prjquota 0 0
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo vi /etc/fstab ### 參照以上方式作編輯 ### [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo mkdir -p /pgdata [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo mount -a [raven@quota-test ~]$ lsblk -f NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT sda ├─sda1 vfat 0301-71A4 /boot/efi └─sda2 xfs root 4f04340d-00c4-4006-8c5d-39a3b9cdc445 / sdb └─sdb1 xfs e157f26e-bc4b-404f-893c-f35835a77376 /pgdata [raven@quota-test ~]$
設定好之後，可以先查詢狀態：如果是之前已經掛載好的空間，如上調整後要重新掛載才行。
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo xfs_quota -x -c "print"
Filesystem Pathname
/ /dev/sda2
/pgdata /dev/sdb1 (uquota, pquota)
[raven@quota-test ~]$
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo xfs_quota -x -c "df -h" /pgdata
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Pathname
/dev/sdb1 20.0G 218M 19.8G 1% /pgdata
[raven@quota-test ~]$
接下來的動作需要有資料庫的作業系統帳號，因此以下先打斷安裝 PGSSQL 資料庫。
1’) 初始化一個 PGSQL13：使用 YUM 指令的下一代 DNF 操作，具體指令在 PGSQL YUM Repo 都有～
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo dnf install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-8-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo dnf -qy module disable postgresql Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>" Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG [raven@quota-test ~]$ [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo dnf install -y postgresql13-server Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:23 ago on Tue 08 Jun 2021 06:31:27 AM UTC. Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================== Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================== Installing: postgresql13-server x86_64 13.3-2PGDG.rhel8 pgdg13 5.5 M Installing dependencies: postgresql13 x86_64 13.3-2PGDG.rhel8 pgdg13 1.5 M postgresql13-libs x86_64 13.3-2PGDG.rhel8 pgdg13 413 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================== Install 3 Packages Total download size: 7.4 M Installed size: 31 M . . . 略 . . . [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-13.service /etc/systemd/system [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo sed -e 's@/var/lib/pgsql/13/data/@/pgdata/13/data@g' -i /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-13.service [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo /usr/pgsql-13/bin/postgresql-13-setup initdb Initializing database ... OK [raven@quota-test ~]$ [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo chown -R postgres. /pgdata/13/
2) 設定 XFS Project Qouta
先準備測試 tablespace 用的目錄，也就是準備受空間用量控制的目錄。
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo su - postgres [postgres@quota-test ~]$ mkdir -p /pgdata/13/tbs1 [postgres@quota-test ~]$ mkdir -p /pgdata/13/tbs2 [postgres@quota-test ~]$ chmod -R 700 /pgdata/13/tbs1/ /pgdata/13/tbs2/ [postgres@quota-test ~]$
再設定個別的 quota project：這邊打算開兩個 tablespace 分別分配給兩個資料庫帳號，並個別指定空間上限。
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo xfs_quota -x -c "report -ubih" /pgdata
User quota on /pgdata (/dev/sdb1)
Blocks Inodes
User ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace
---------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
root 0 0 0 00 [------] 3 0 0 00 [------]
postgres 42.5M 0 0 00 [------] 965 0 0 00 [------]
[raven@quota-test ~]$
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo su - [root@quota-test ~]# echo "11:/pgdata/13/tbs1" >> /etc/projects [root@quota-test ~]# echo "12:/pgdata/13/tbs2" >> /etc/projects [root@quota-test ~]# echo "dbuser1:11" >> /etc/projid [root@quota-test ~]# echo "dbuser2:12" >> /etc/projid [root@quota-test ~]# xfs_quota -x -c "project -s dbuser1" Setting up project dbuser1 (path /pgdata/13/tbs1)... Processed 1 (/etc/projects and cmdline) paths for project dbuser1 with recursion depth infinite (-1). Setting up project dbuser1 (path /pgdata/13/tbs1)... Processed 1 (/etc/projects and cmdline) paths for project dbuser1 with recursion depth infinite (-1). [root@quota-test ~]# xfs_quota -x -c "project -s dbuser2" Setting up project dbuser2 (path /pgdata/13/tbs2)... Processed 1 (/etc/projects and cmdline) paths for project dbuser2 with recursion depth infinite (-1). Setting up project dbuser2 (path /pgdata/13/tbs2)... Processed 1 (/etc/projects and cmdline) paths for project dbuser2 with recursion depth infinite (-1). [root@quota-test ~]# [root@quota-test ~]# xfs_quota -x -c "print " /pgdata Filesystem Pathname /pgdata /dev/sdb1 (uquota, pquota) /pgdata/13/tbs1 /dev/sdb1 (project 11, dbuser1) /pgdata/13/tbs2 /dev/sdb1 (project 12, dbuser2) [root@quota-test ~]#
上面初始化之後，然後就能指定大小限制：分別指定 500MB 跟 1GB
[root@quota-test ~]# xfs_quota -x -c "limit -p bsoft=450M bhard=500M dbuser1" /pgdata [root@quota-test ~]# xfs_quota -x -c "limit -p bsoft=900M bhard=1G dbuser2" /pgdata
這樣就已經生效了。接著查看一下資訊
[raven@quota-test ~]$ ls -l /pgdata/13/
total 4
drwx------. 20 postgres postgres 4096 Jun 9 03:12 data
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Jun 9 03:13 tbs1
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Jun 9 03:13 tbs2
[raven@quota-test ~]$
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo xfs_quota -x -c "state"
User quota state on /pgdata (/dev/sdb1)
Accounting: ON
Enforcement: ON
Inode: #131 (1 blocks, 1 extents)
Group quota state on /pgdata (/dev/sdb1)
Accounting: OFF
Enforcement: OFF
Inode: N/A
Project quota state on /pgdata (/dev/sdb1)
Accounting: ON
Enforcement: ON
Inode: #132 (1 blocks, 1 extents)
Blocks grace time: [7 days]
Inodes grace time: [7 days]
Realtime Blocks grace time: [7 days]
[raven@quota-test ~]$
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo xfs_quota -x -c "report -ubih" /pgdata
User quota on /pgdata (/dev/sdb1)
Blocks Inodes
User ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace
---------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
root 0 0 0 00 [------] 3 0 0 00 [------]
postgres 39.4M 0 0 00 [------] 965 0 0 00 [------]
[raven@quota-test ~]$
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo xfs_quota -x -c "report -pbih " /pgdata
Project quota on /pgdata (/dev/sdb1)
Blocks Inodes
Project ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace
---------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
#0 39.4M 0 0 00 [------] 966 0 0 00 [------]
dbuser1 0 450M 500M 00 [------] 1 0 0 00 [------]
dbuser2 0 900M 1G 00 [------] 1 0 0 00 [------]
[raven@quota-test ~]$
3) 指定 Tablespace 與帳號的 default_tablespace
把資料庫啟動，並開兩個帳號，以及對應的 tablespace。這邊也同時把預設 tablespace 位置的寫入權拿掉
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo service postgresql-13 start [raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo su - postgres [postgres@quota-test ~]$ psql << EOF create user user1; create user user2; revoke CREATE on TABLESPACE pg_default from user1; revoke CREATE on TABLESPACE pg_default from user2; create tablespace tbs1 owner user1 location '/pgdata/13/tbs1'; create tablespace tbs2 owner user2 location '/pgdata/13/tbs2'; alter user user1 set default_tablespace = tbs1 ; alter user user2 set default_tablespace = tbs2 ; create schema sch1 AUTHORIZATION user1 ; create schema sch2 AUTHORIZATION user2 ; EOF [postgres@quota-test ~]$
為了測試方便，把 local connection 的連線規則開通
[postgres@quota-test ~]$ sed -e 's/peer$/trust/g' -i /pgdata/13/data/pg_hba.conf [postgres@quota-test ~]$ /usr/pgsql-13/bin/pg_ctl -D /pgdata/13/data/ reload
4) 驗證
這邊先在第一個帳號透過 pgbench 指令長檔案：雖然上面給了一個 schema，但 pgbench 預設的資料表長在 public schema 底下。不過指定的預設 tablespace 還是會生效。
長完資料後觀察一下 xfs_quota 用量變化。
[postgres@quota-test ~]$ /usr/pgsql-13/bin/pgbench -U user1 -d postgres --initialize --scale=30 --fillfactor=90 dropping old tables... NOTICE: table "pgbench_accounts" does not exist, skipping NOTICE: table "pgbench_branches" does not exist, skipping NOTICE: table "pgbench_history" does not exist, skipping NOTICE: table "pgbench_tellers" does not exist, skipping creating tables... generating data (client-side)... 3000000 of 3000000 tuples (100%) done (elapsed 8.06 s, remaining 0.00 s) vacuuming... creating primary keys... done in 104.53 s (drop tables 0.00 s, create tables 0.01 s, client-side generate 8.09 s, vacuum 37.03 s, primary keys 59.37 s). [postgres@quota-test ~]$
postgres=# \d+
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Persistence | Size | Description
--------+------------------+-------+-------+-------------+---------+-------------
public | pgbench_accounts | table | user1 | permanent | 426 MB |
public | pgbench_branches | table | user1 | permanent | 40 kB |
public | pgbench_history | table | user1 | permanent | 0 bytes |
public | pgbench_tellers | table | user1 | permanent | 48 kB |
(4 rows)
postgres=# \d+ pgbench_accounts
Table "public.pgbench_accounts"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage | Stats target | Descrip
tion
----------+---------------+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------------+--------
-----
aid | integer | | not null | | plain | |
bid | integer | | | | plain | |
abalance | integer | | | | plain | |
filler | character(84) | | | | extended | |
Indexes:
"pgbench_accounts_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (aid), tablespace "tbs1"
Tablespace: "tbs1"
Access method: heap
Options: fillfactor=90
postgres=#
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo xfs_quota -x -c "report -pbih " /pgdata
Project quota on /pgdata (/dev/sdb1)
Blocks Inodes
Project ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace
---------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
#0 663.7M 0 0 00 [------] 1.0k 0 0 00 [------]
dbuser1 490.7M 450M 500M 00 [6 days] 27 0 0 00 [------]
dbuser2 0 900M 1G 00 [------] 2 0 0 00 [------]
[raven@quota-test ~]$
上面用 pgbench 佔用了 user1 的 tablespace 快差不多了。以下臨門一腳多塞一點就會出現空間不足訊息，表示 dusk quota 控制生效～
[postgres@quota-test ~]$ psql -U user1 -d postgres
psql (13.3)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=> create table sch1.test as select * from pgbench_accounts limit 100000;
ERROR: could not extend file "pg_tblspc/16386/PG_13_202007201/13434/16456": No space left on device
HINT: Check free disk space.
postgres=>
postgres=> create table sch1.test as select * from pgbench_accounts limit 10000;
SELECT 10000
postgres=>
postgres=> set search_path = sch1;
SET
postgres=> \d+
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Persistence | Size | Description
--------+------+-------+-------+-------------+---------+-------------
sch1 | test | table | user1 | permanent | 1312 kB |
(1 row)
postgres=>
換另一個帳號，這邊直接嘗試長超過空間的資料量。
[postgres@quota-test ~]$ /usr/pgsql-13/bin/pgbench -U user2 -d postgres --initialize --scale=100 dropping old tables... NOTICE: table "pgbench_accounts" does not exist, skipping NOTICE: table "pgbench_branches" does not exist, skipping NOTICE: table "pgbench_history" does not exist, skipping NOTICE: table "pgbench_tellers" does not exist, skipping creating tables... generating data (client-side)... 10000000 of 10000000 tuples (100%) done (elapsed 70.18 s, remaining 0.00 s) ERROR: could not extend file "pg_tblspc/16387/PG_13_202007201/13434/16480": No space left on device HINT: Check free disk space. CONTEXT: COPY pgbench_accounts, line 7995000 pgbench: fatal: PQendcopy failed [postgres@quota-test ~]$
以上都顯示 disk quota 有成功起作用。而這些因空間不足而失敗的操作，原則上都是 rollback。
5) quota 的控制與資料庫啟停
以下停用 tbs2 上面的 porject quota 再嘗試塞一次
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo xfs_quota -x -c 'limit -p bsoft=0 bhard=0 dbuser2' /pgdata
[raven@quota-test ~]$ sudo xfs_quota -x -c "report -pbih " /pgdata
Project quota on /pgdata (/dev/sdb1)
Blocks Inodes
Project ID Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace Used Soft Hard Warn/Grace
---------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
#0 855.7M 0 0 00 [------] 1.0k 0 0 00 [------]
dbuser1 0 450M 500M 00 [------] 3 0 0 00 [------]
dbuser2 0 0 0 00 [------] 11 0 0 00 [------]
[raven@quota-test ~]$
[postgres@quota-test ~]$ /usr/pgsql-13/bin/pgbench -U user2 -d postgres --initialize --scale=100
dropping old tables...
creating tables...
generating data (client-side)...
10000000 of 10000000 tuples (100%) done (elapsed 96.82 s, remaining 0.00 s)
vacuuming...
creating primary keys...
done in 479.96 s (drop tables 0.00 s, create tables 0.01 s, client-side generate 97.37 s, vacuum 242.73 s, primary keys 139.84 s).
[postgres@quota-test ~]$ psql
psql (13.3)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# \d+
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Persistence | Size | Description
--------+------------------+-------+-------+-------------+---------+-------------
public | pgbench_accounts | table | user2 | permanent | 1281 MB |
public | pgbench_branches | table | user2 | permanent | 40 kB |
public | pgbench_history | table | user2 | permanent | 0 bytes |
public | pgbench_tellers | table | user2 | permanent | 80 kB |
(4 rows)
postgres=#
可以看到拿掉限制後，一樣多的資料就塞的進去了。
由上可見，透過 xfs_quota 的目錄用量控制功能，可以 DIY 做出資料庫帳號的空間用量控制功能～
參考資料
14.1.6 實作 Quota 流程-4：project 的限制 (針對目錄限制) (Optional) | 鳥哥私房菜- 第十四章、磁碟配額(Quota)與進階檔案系統管理
Linux: Using xfs project quotas to limit capacity within a subdirectory – Fabian Lee : Software Architect
3.3. XFS Quota Management Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
8.3. XFS Quota Management Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
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